A

AAHPERD

American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance.

AAI

1. Atlantoaxial instability. 2. Adapted aquatics instructor.

AAPAR

American Association of Physical Activity and Recreation.

abandonment

The withdrawl of protection, support, or help from a victim without the victim's consent and before someone of equal or greater training takes over.

abdomen

The part of the human body (or the body of any vertebrate) that contains the stomach, intestines, and other organs, usually situated between the pelvis and the thorax (chest).

abdominal thrust

A forceful, inward-and-upward compression of the abdomen just above the navel to exert pressure on the diaphragm and force air from the lungs to expel an object obstructing the airway. Essentially, this amounts to an artificial cough. Sometimes, abdominal thrusts are known as the Heimlich Maneuver after Dr. Henry Heimlich who first described the procedure in 1974.

abnormal

Differing from the usual state, structure, condition, or rule.

ABO blood group

The major human blood group system, consisting of type A, AB, B, and O, depending on the presence of A and B genes that determine the configuration of the surface of red blood cells. Type A indicates the presence of two A genes; type B means two B genes; type AB is one A gene and one B gene; and type O means that neither the A or the B gene is present. Blood typing is important in blood banking and blood transfusions. It is most important to determine ABO status of both the donor and recipient in transplants and transfusions. ABO incompatibility in such procedures can be life-threatening.

above-ground pool

An assembled or portable pool that sits on the ground or in the bed of a truck, usually of limited depth.

abrasion

A wound in which the skin has been scraped or rubbed away.

abruptio placentae

A life-threatening condition that occurs when the placenta detaches from the uterus.

abscess

A collection of pus in any part of the body that usually causes swelling and inflammation around it.

absence seizure

A nonconvulsive seizure in which the patient displays minimal or no movement and appears to have a blank stare. This type of seizure is also known as a petit mal seizure.

absorbed poison

A toxic substances that enters the body through the skin.

Achilles tendon

The common name for the calcaneal tendon, located at the back of each ankle.

acid

A chemical substance containing hydrogen that can be used to neutralize alkaline materials and lower the pH of swimming pool water. The most common acids used in swimming pool chemistry are hydrochloric (muriatic) acid and sodium bisulfate (dry acid).

acid demand

The amount of acid required to reduce a high pH or total alkalinity reading to the desired value, as determined by an acid demand test.

acid rain

Precipitation with a low pH caused by air polluted with sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, or nitrous oxide.

ACLS

Advanced cardiac life support.

acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that destroys the body's ability to fight infection.

acrophobia

A morbid fear of heights.

activated charcoal

A fine, black powder of carbon residue that has been heated to increase its absorptive capacity. It is given over the counter to relieve intestinal gas and to neutralize poisons that have been swallowed. Activated charcoal has also been used to filter poisonous gas and to purify liquids.

active drowning victim

1. An individual in deep water who, in the act of drowning, exhibits the instinctive drowning response (vertical body position, thrashing arms, ineffective/absent kick, inability to call out for help, etc.). 2. Any drowning person who is conscious and moving.

active victim rear rescue

A rescue in the American Red Cross Lifeguarding program consisting of a rear approach to a victim with a vertical body position and support of the victim on the rescue tube using a double-arm grip on the victim's shoulders.

acute

Sudden and severe and then quickly subsiding. The opposite of chronic.

acute abdomen

Sudden. severe abdominal pain that may be related to any one of many medical conditions or a specific injury.

acute coronary syndrome

A range of clinical conditions, including unstable angina, that results from coronary heart disease (CHD) which causes insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle.

acute myocardial ischemia

A episode of chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

ADA

Americans with Disabilities Act.

adapted aquatics instructor (AAI)

1. A swimming instructor with training and/or experience working with participants with disabilities, especially those who need individualized instruction and skill modification. 2. A credential offered by the American Association of Physical Activity and Recreation. 3. A certification formerly offered by the American Red Cross to WSIs.

adapted immunity

The body's protective systems developed over a lifetime as the body is exposed to diseases and immunizations.

addiction

Habitual psychological or physiologic dependence on a substance or practice that is beyond voluntary control.

adhesive bandage compress

A dressing and bandage combined in one application, used primarily in the treatment of minor wounds.

adipose tissue

Body tissue that stores fat.

adjustment disorder

An emotional and behavioral reaction that develops within 3 months of a stressful incident, and which is stronger or greater than would be expected for the type of incident that has occurred.

adult

For the purposes of first aid and emergency care, anyone who appears to be approximately 12 years old or older.

adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A lung condition in which trauma to the lungs leads to inflammation, accumulation of fluid in the alveolar air sacs, low blood oxygen, and respiratory distress.

advanced cardiac life support (ACLS)

Treatments performed by paramedics in the field and emergency room physicians for victims of cardiac arrest.

advanced emergency medical technician (AEMT)

One of the current nationally recognized levels of training for prehospital emergency care personnel, above emergency medical technician and below paramedic (the highest level). AEMTs have advanced training that includes IV insertion, administration of medications, use of advanced airway procedures, and electrocardiogram setup and analysis.

advance directive

A written instruction, usually signed by the patient and his or her physician, that documents the patient's wishes if the patient is unable  to communicate them.

adverse effect

A result of drug or other medical therapy in addition to, or in extension of, the desired therapeutic effect. Often, this effect is undesirable.

AEA

Aquatic Exercise Association.

AED

Automated external defibrillator.

aerobic exercise

Brisk physical activity that requires the heart and lungs to work harder to meet the body's increased demand for oxygen. Aerobic exercise promotes the circulation of oxygen through the blood.

AFAP

Arthritis Foundation Aquatic Program.

afterdrop

A decrease in body temperature observed as a complication during the rewarming of a hypothermic patient, believed to be the result of the redistribution of cooler blood from the extremities and superficial areas of the body to the body's core.

aggression

1. A domineering, forceful verbal or physical action intended to hurt an animal or human being. 2. Invasive behavior, such as a pathogenic disease process.

agonal breath

A gasping for breath that occurs during cardiac arrest, often mistaken for respiration. In contrast to normal breathing, which are regular and efficacious, agonal breaths are irregular, unproductive, and sporadic. They present as snorting, gurgling, or gasping and last from a few minutes to sometimes hours.

agoraphobia

A mental disorder characterized by an irrational fear of leaving the familiar setting of home and/or venturing out into the open.

AIDS

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

AIDS-related complex (ARC)

Manifestations of AIDS in patients who have not yet developed major deficient immune function, characterized by fever, diarrhea, weight-loss, minor opportunistic infections, etc.

air

The mixture of invisible, odorless, tasteless gases (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, etc.) that surround the Earth and make up the atmosphere. The air we breathe in contains about 21% oxygen; the air we exhale contains about 16% oxygen and 4% carbon dioxide.

air medical transport

Transport to a medical facility by helicopter or fixed-wing aircraft.

air relief valve

A manually operated valve located on top of a filter tank used to release air pressure inside the filter.

air splint

A hollow, inflatable splint for immobilizing a part of the body.

airway

1. The respiratory tract from the mouth and nose to the lungs. 2. A device inserted into the mouth or nose for the purposes of establishing and maintaining an unobstructed passage of air to and from the lungs of an unconscious or heavily medicated victim.

airway adjunct

A mechanical device inserted in to the mouth or nose of an unconscious patient to help keep the tongue from obstructing the airway.

airway management

First aid measures to establish and maintain an open airway, including head tilt chin lift or jaw thrust, clearing a blocked airway, and/or inserting an oral or nasal airway device.

airway obstruction

A partial or complete blockage of the breathing passage. A partial airway obstruction restricts breathing but may allow the victim to speak or cough forcefully. In contrast, a complete airway obstruction prevents air passage so that the victim cannot cough, speak, or breathe.

albuterol

A drug inhaled for the relief of bronchospasm as the result of conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

alcohol

1. A chemical compound made from propylene or similar substance used medically as a disinfectant and analgesic. 2. Any of the various fermented beverages made from sugar, starch, carbohydrates, and yeast.

alert

1. Vigilantly attentive; watchful. 2. Mentally responsive.

algae

Any of the 21,000 species of microscopic plant-like organisms containing chlorophyll and requiring carbon dioxide and sunlight for photosynthesis. Algae finds its weay into swimming pools by wind or rain and, if conditions are right, grow in colonies, resulting in algae blooms. Algae found in swimming pools include black algae, blue-green algae, green algae, and mustard algae.

alkalinity

A measure of the pH-buffering capacity of swimming pool water (i.e., the water's resistance to change in pH). This is sometimes called total alkalinity (TA).

allergen

A substance that can trigger an allergic reaction.

altered mental status

A disturbance in the patient's level of consciousness (LOC), including dizziness, confusion, delirium, or unconsciousness, due to injury, infection, poisoning, fluid/electrolyte imbalance, etc. 

alum

Aluminum sulfate.

aluminum sulfate

A flocculant that attracts suspended particles in water and sinks with them to the bottom where they can be collected or vaccuumed away.

alveolus (plural: alveoli)

A tiny air sac in the lungs at the end of the bronchial tubes where gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) are exchanged between the lungs and red blood cells.

Alzheimer's disease

The most common type of dementia in older people, impairing thought, memory, and language.

American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance (AAHPERD)

A nonprofit membership organization of professionals supporting those involved in physical education and recreational activities related to achieving a healthy lifestyle. The AAPHERD consists of five national associations administered through six regional districts.

American Association of Physical Activity and Recreation (AAPAR)

An association serving professors, teachers, and community leaders who promote meaningful physical activity across the human lifespan. The AAPAR has aquatic credentials in the following areas: adapted aquatics and aquatic fitness.

American Lifeguard Association (ALA)

A health and safety training organization established in 1990 in Vienna, VA. ALA offers self-paced courses on lifeguarding, pool operation, etc.

American National Red Cross

A nonprofit humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance, biomedical services, disaster relief, and health and safety education inside the United States and acts as part of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

A federal law enacted in 1990 (and amended in 2009) that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in employment, transportation, public accommodation, communications, and governmental activities. Aspects of ADA law are enforced by the Department of Labor, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the Department of Transportation, the Federal Communications Commission, and the Department of Justice.

ammonia

A colorless, volatile gas (NH3), highly soluble in water, capable of forming a weak base, which combines with acids to form ammonium compounds. Vapors of ammonia, normally invisible, turn white in the presence of chlorine gas, making ammonia an important leak detection tool when working with chlorine gas delivery systems.

amniotic fluid

The fluid in the amniotic sac that protects and bathes the fetus.

amniotic sac

A two-layer membrane the surrounds the fetus and holds the amniotic fluid during pregnancy and bursts during the birthing process.

amputation

The removal of a body part by surgery or trauma.

anabolic steroid

A performance-enhancing drug that increases muscle mass and body weight. Chronic use  can cause sterility, disruption of normal growth, liver cancer, and aggressive behaviors.

anaerobic exercise

Exercise at a high intensity such that oxygen demand by skeletal muscles cannot be consistently met.

analgesic

A compound that acts as a pain reliever.

anaphylaxis

A severe, whole-body allergic reaction to an injected or ingested chemical that has become an allergen. Signs of anaphylyaxis include hives, rapid swelling of the tongue and throat tissues, difficulty breathing (due to swollen tissues), and unconsciousness. Persons who know that they can have a severe allergic reaction to food, bee stings, etc. may carry an epi-pen or similar device to counteract the effects of anaphylaxis.

anatomic, anatomical

Pertaining to the structures of the body.

anatomic obstruction

An airway obstruction caused by a body part, such as the tongue and lower jaw.

anatomic splint

A splint formed by supporting an injured part of the body with an uninjured, adjacent body part, also called a self-splint.

anatomy

The study of the structures of living things, divided into gross anatomy (the structures that can be seen by the naked eye) and microscopic anatomy.

anesthetic

A drug or agent that causes loss of pain with or without loss of consciousness.

angina pectoris

A severe, often constricting chest pain, commonly associated with cardiovascular disease.

angulation

An angular deformity in a fractured bone.

ankle drag

A method of moving an unconscious victim by grasping the victim's ankles and dragging the person feet first. Sometimes called the foot drag.

anoxia

Absence of oxygen.

anterior

Pertaining to the front side or surface of the body.

antibiotic

A soluble substance derived from a mold or bacterium that kills or inhibits the growth of other microorganisms..

antibody

A specialized immune protein produced by white blood cells (B lymphocytes) in an immune response to target and neutralize a specific antigen that has been introduced to the body.

anticoagulant

An agent that prevents blood clotting.

anticonvulsant

An agent that prevents or arrests seizures.

antidepressant

An agent used in treating depression.

antidiarrheal

An agent used in treating diarrhea.

antidote

A substance that counteracts or neutralizes the toxic effects of a poison.

antigen

A foreign substance or microorganism in the body that causes an immune response and the production of specialized antibodies.

antihistamine

A drug that reduces the effects of an allergic reaction by blocking the action of the histamines on tissue.

antihypertensive

A drug or therapy that helps reduce the blood pressure of hypertensive patients.

anti-inflammatory drug

A drug that helps to reduce inflammation of body tissue.

antiseptic

A chemical that kills and/or halts the growth of microorganisms.

antivenin

A substance used to counteract the poisonous effects of venom.

aneurysm

The bulging or ballooning of a blood vessel where the blood vessel wall has weakened. An aneurysm can rupture, causing internal bleeding. When a brain aneurysm ruptures, the result is a hemorrhagic stroke.

anxiety disorder

A condition in which normal anxiety becomes excessive and prevents a person from functioning normally. Types of anxiety disorder include generalized anxiety disorder, Obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias, and social-anxiety disorder.

aorta

The main trunk of systemic arteries, carrying oxygen-rich blood from the left side of the heart to the arteries of all limbs and organs of the body except the lungs.

APGAR score

A mnemonic that describes five measures used to assess a newborn: Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration.

aphasia

The inability to communication through speech, writing, or other means, sometimes due to injury to the area of the brain that controls language..

apnea

Absence of breathing.

apoplexy

1. Bleeding into an organ or lack of blood flow to an organ. 2. A stroke (when the word is used without referencing an organ).

apparent life-threatening event (ALTE)

A sudden event in infants under 1 year old, during which the infant experiences a combination of signs and symptoms including apnea, change in color, change in muscle tone, and coughing or gagging.

appendicitis

An inflammation of the appendix, which can be painful and even life threatening. The main symptom of appendicitis is abdominal pain, which starts in the center or the abdomen as a dull, visceral pain. As the conditions worsens, the pain travels to the lower right quadrant of the abdomen, and the patient experiences a general fever and rebound tenderness at the site of the inflammation.

appendix

A worm-shaped, blind-ended tube connected to the cecum (the pouch-like structure of the colon) near the junction of the large and small intestines. It is also known as the vermiform appendix.

applied ethics

The philosophical examination of particular issues in private and public life that are matters of moral judgment.  Applied ethics include ethical decision making, professionalism, business ethics, clinical ethics, and social ethics.

approach

1. The swimming or wading performed by a lifeguard or other rescuer to get close enough to safely make contact with a distressed or drowning victim. 2. The movements taken by a springboard diver from set up to take off, consisting of 3 or 4 steps or 1 or 2 jumps.

aquatic exercise

An in-water fitness program typically performed in vertical position with the face above water.

Aquatic Exercise Association (AEA)

A nonprofit organization committed to the advancement of aquatic fitness worldwide.

ARC

1. AIDS-related complex. 2. American Red Cross (unofficial abbreviation).

arrhythmia

An abnormal rhythm, especially of the heart.

arterial gas embolism

A condition caused by a rapid ascent while skin diving in which air in the lungs expands too quickly and air bubbles enter the bloodstream and subsequently travel to the brain.

arteriole

Any of the small terminal twigs of arteries that connect to capillaries.

artery

Any of the blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to all parts of the body.

Arthritis Foundation Aquatic Program (AFAP)

An aquatic exercise program codeveloped by the Arthritis Foundation and the YMCA.

ashen

A grayish color of skin indicative of paleness with darker skinned victims.

Asperger syndrome

A mild form of autism.

asphyxiation

Unconsciousness or death due to lack of oxygen.

aspiration

The act of breathing foreign material into the lungs.

assault

A crime consisting of an attempt or threat to physically harm another person.

asthma

An inflammatory disease of the lungs characterized by a narrowing of the lung passageways (bronchi), making breathing sometimes difficult.

asthma attack or exacerbation

The sudden inflammation of the airways and narrowing of bronchial tubes, resulting in severe breathing difficulty, chest pain, coughing and wheezing.

asthma trigger

Anything that sets off an asthma attack, such as animal dander, dust, smoke, stress, physical exertion, etc.

asystole

A type of cardiac arrest characterized by no electrical activity in the heart. This condition is sometimes known as flatline.

atherosclerosis

A condition in which deposits of plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries, causing them to harden and narrow, reducing blood flow.

athlete's foot

A fungal infection of the foot (also known as tinea pedis).

atlantoaxial instability (AAI)

A condition found in a small percentage of people with Down syndrome consisting of weakness in the ligaments supporting the C1 and C2 vertebrae. Persons with this condition should obtain their physician's approval before learning head-first diving.

atrial fibrillation

Fast, irregular electrical discharges in the heart that cause an irregular heartbeat; the most common type of abnormal cardiac rhythm.

atrioventricular (AV) node

A cluster of cells in the center of the heart that serves as a relay to slow down discharges from the sinoatrial (SA) node before they pass to the ventricles.

atrophy

The loss of epidermal, dermal, or subcutaneous tissue, resulting in skin that appears thin, translucent, wrinkled, and/or depressed.

attention

The ability to focus selectively on a particular stimulus, sustaining that focus and shifting it at will.

audible warning device

A siren or air horn used to warn traffic of an emergency vehicle's approach.

aura phase

The first phase of a generalized seizure, during which the patient experiences perceptual disturbances like unusual sights and smells.

autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

A group of developmental disorders that appear in the first 3 years of life and affect to some degree the brain's normal development of social and communication skills.

auto-injector

A medical device consisting of a spring-loaded syringe that is designed for self-administration of a single dose of a particular drug (e.g., insulin, epinephrine, etc.). 

automated external defibrillator (AED)

A computerized medical device capable of analyzing a patient's heart rhythm, determining if an electrical shock is required, advising the operator to deliver the shock, and repeating this procedure, if necessary, after two minutes during which rescuers perform CPR

automatic pool cleaner

An electric device that moves under its own power along the bottom and sides of a swimming pool, vacuuming debris.

available chlorine

The amount of free chlorine capable of acting as a disinfectant. Also called free chlorine, free available chlorine, or residual chlorine.

AVPU

The four levels of consciousness: Alert, Verbally responsive, Pain responsive, and Unresponsive.

avulsion

The tearing away or separation of a body part from the rest of the body as the result of a trauma.

B

baby

A common name for newborns and infants.

backboard

A rigid splint for the spine with handles, straps, and head immobilizing equipment.

backbone

A common name for the spinal column.

back crawl

A competitive stroke performed on the back using body roll, alternating arm strokes with bent-arm pulling and out-of-the water recovery, and an inverted flutter kick.

back flow

The flow of water through a pipe in the direction opposite the normal flow due to backwards pressure.

backstroke

1. A common name for the back crawl. 2. A competitive swimming event in which the participants swim the back crawl. 3. Any stroke performed on the back, including back crawl, elementary backstroke, and inverted breaststroke.

bactericide

A chemical that kills bacteria. Chlorine, for example, is a bactericide.

bacterium (plural: bacteria)

A single-cell organism that can cause infection.

Bactine

The brand name of a topical anesthetic and antiseptic.

bag-valve-mask (BVM) resuscitator

A hand-held ventilation device consisting of a self-inflating bag, a one-way valve, and a face mask.

baking soda

A common name for sodium bicarbonate, a white powdery chemical used to raise the total alkalinity of swimming pool water without affecting pH.

balanced water

The condition of swimming pool water in which all chemical readings are within optimum tolerance levels. The most important parameters are pH, total alkalinity, calcium hardness, and water temperature.

bandage

Material used to splint an injured body part, hold a dressing in place while applying pressure to a wound, or provide support or compression to a joint or extremity.

bandage compress

A thick gauze dressing attached  to a gauze bandage.

Band Aid

A brand name for adhesive bandage compresses on different sizes and shapes to care for minor wounds.

barbiturate

A derivative of barbituric acid (e.g., phenobarbital) that acts as a CNS depressant and are used for their tranquilizing, hypnotic, and anti-seizure effects. Most barbiturates have the potential for abuse.

barotrauma

Injury caused by pressure differences between areas of the body and the surrounding environment. This type of injury occurs most often during air travel or scuba diving.

basal cell carcinoma

The most common type of skin cancer, affecting basal cells in the skin, and often characterized by a waxy bump on the face, neck, or other area exposed to the sun.

basal metabolic rate

The amount of calories the body burns while at rest.

base

An alkaline substance used to counteract and neutralize an acid. Common bases used in swimming pool chemistry include soda ash (sodium carbonate), caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), and baking soda (sodium bicarbonate).

base demand

A titration test used to determine the amount of a base required to increase pH to a desired level.

battery

A crime in which a person physically harms or unlawfully touches another person.

BCDMH

Bromochlorodimethylhydantoin. A bromine disifectant/sanitizer that produces hypobromous and hypochlorous acids when dissolved in water.

behavior

The actions and mannerisms of a person in response to his or her environment.

behavioral emergency

A situation requiring immediate intervention in which one or more individuals appear delusional, express threats, or act in an unacceptable or intolerant manner. The mnemonic AEIOU TIPS can be used to identify conditions that can lead to a behavioral emergency: Alcohol/Acidosis, Epilepsy (seizures), Infection (sepsis), Overdose (drug abuse), Uremia, Trauma/Tumor, Insulin (hypoglycemia/hyperglycemia), Poisoning/Psychosis, and Stroke.

benign

Denoting the mild character of an illness or the nonmalignant nature of a tumor or other growth.

bereavement care

Care provided to families during the period of grief and mourning surrounding a death.

Berkoff blastoff

An underwater, inverted dolphin kick technique used for the first 25-40 meters of each length of a backstroke race to reduce resistance and increase speed and efficiency. This technique was perfected in 1987 by David Berkoff, a Harvard junior (and used by Berkoff and others in the 1988 Seoul Olympics). A change in international swimming rules in 1991 limited the distance underwater in backstroke races to the first 15 meters of each length.

bifocal

A lens in which one portion is suited for distant vision and the other portion, for reading and close work in general.

biguanides

A disinfectant/sanitizer for swimming pools that uses the polymer PHMB, the only nonhalogen disinfectant/sanitizer available.

bile

A yellowish-brown or green fluid secreted by the liver and discharged into the duodenum where it aids in the emulsification of fats, etc.

binder

A band or cloth swathe tied around a patient to secure an injured arm (usually in a sling) against the patient's chest to add stability.

biohazard

A biological substance that may pose a health threat to living organisms (especially humans) exposed to it. Biohazards include patient body fluids, blood soaked materials, used hypodermic needles, medical waste, samples of microorganisms, etc.

biological death

The condition of a nonbreathing, pulseless patient when irreversible brain damage has occurred. Biological death may begin in as little as 4 to 6 minutes after the cessation of the pulse (clinical death).

biopsy

The process of removing tissue from a patient for the purpose of diagnosis. Also the specimen obtained by biopsy.

bipolar disorder

A brain disorder that causes severe, abnormal shifts in mood, energy, and ability to function. This disorder is also known as manic-depressive disorder.

birth

The emergence and separation of an offspring from the body of the mother.

birth canal

The passageway from the uterus to the outside of the body through which  a baby passes during birth.

birth control

The projects, programs, or methods used to control reproduction.

birthmark

A persistent, visible lesion, usually on the skin, identified at or shortly after birth.

Black Death

A common name for septicemic plague, due to characteristic bleeding under the skin which blackens the bodies of the victims.

black eye

An injury to the eye (or head) that results in bleeding under the skin around the eye. This type of injury is usually not serious; however, if it occurs following a head injury, it may indicate a skull fracture, especially if both eyes have bruising around them (i.e., raccoon eyes).

blackout

A loss of consciousness due to hypoxia or a temporary impairment of cerebral circulation. Also known as syncope or fainting. Excessive hyperventilation and prolonged underwater swimming can lead to shallow-water blackout.

bladder

A distensible, musculomembranous organ that serves as a receptacle for fluid. Examples in the human body include the urinary bladder and the gallbladder.

blanket drag

A method of moving an unconscious victim by placing a blanket under the victim and then dragging the blanket and victim in a headfirst direction.

blast injury

An injury caused by an explosion, either by the energy released, the debris, or the impact of falling.

bleach

Liquid chlorine (sodium hypochlorite). Liquid chlorine used for swimming pools has a higher concentration of free chlorine than laundry bleach (12-15% compared to about 5%).

bleaching out

The tendency of a DPD test kit reading for free chlorine to show clear (i.e., zero chlorine) when the amount of free chlorine is actually above 10 ppm due to the destruction of the test reagent in the water sample.

bleb

A large, rounded or irregular blister. Also known as a bulla.

bleeding

Loss of blood occurring either inside the body (when blood leaks from blood vessels or organs) or outside the body (when blood flows through a natural opening like the mouth or nose or a break in the skin).

blind

Without part or all of the sense of sight; unable to see.

blind spot

1. In lifeguarding, a part of the swimming area that cannot be seen by one or more lifeguards due to an obstruction. 2. In ophthalmology, a small area of the retina where the optic nerve enters the eye.

blister

A small bubble of fluid within the upper layer of the skin, caused by friction, burning, freezing, chemical exposure, or infection. Most blisters are filled with a clear fluid called serum or plasma, but they can also contain blood (called a blood blister) or pus if the blister becomes infected.

blood

The fluid containing plasma, blood cells, and platelets that is circulated by the heart to carry oxygen and nutrients to body tissues and to take waste materials away.

blood bank

A place where blood is collected from donors, typed, separated into components, stored, and prepared for transfusion to recipients.

blood blister

A vesicle full of blood due to a pinch, bruise or repeated friction.

bloodborne

Carried in or by the blood.

bloodborne pathogen

A disease-causing agent present in human blood that is spread usually by direct or indirect contact or contamination. Bloodborne pathogens include HIV, the hepatitis B and C viruses, and viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers..

blood cell

A hematocyte normally found in blood, either a red or white blood cell. Red bloods cells carry oxygen to other cells; white blood cells fight infection as part of the body's immune response.

blood clot

The final product of the blood coagulation step in hemostasis, achieved by the aggregation of platelets to form a plug and the activation of clotting factors that strengthen the plug. A blood clot is also called a thrombus..

blood count

The calculation of the number of red blood cells and white blood cells in a cubic millimeter of blood.

blood glucose level

The level of sugar in the blood, measured using a glucometer.

blood group, ABO

The major human blood group system, consisting of type A, AB, B, and O, depending on the presence of A and B genes that determine the configuration of the surface of red blood cells. Type A indicates the presence of two A genes; type B means two B genes; type AB is one A gene and one B gene; and type O means that neither the A or the B gene is present. Blood typing is important in blood banking and blood transfusions. It is most important to determine ABO status of both the donor and recipient in transplants and transfusions. ABO incompatibility in such procedures can be life-threatening.

blood pressure

The pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries as blood is pumped from the heart. Blood pressure measurement usually consists of two numbers: the sistolic (beating) and diastolic (resting) pressure. Although normal blood pressure can vary somewhat, an example of a good reading is 120/80. A reading of 140/90 or more is considered high blood pressure.

blood sugar

The concentration of glucose in the blood, measured as milligrams of glucose per 100 milliliters of blood.

blood transfusion

The transfer of blood or blood products from a donor to a recipient's bloodstream. For a transfusion to be safe and successful, the donor and recipient must have the same ABO blood type.

blood volume

The total amount of blood circulating in the body.

bloody show

Thick discharge from the vagina that occurs during labor as the mucous plug is expelled; often signifies the onset of labor.

blunt trauma

An injury caused when a person is struck by, or collides with, an object that does not penetrate the skin but results in bruising, internal bleeding, and/or tissue damage.

BMI

Body mass index.

bobbing

A preliminary rhythmic breathing skill performed by repeatedly inhaling, submerging, exhaling underwater, and then surfacing.

body mass index (BMI)

An anthropometric measure to determine caloric nutritional status, defined as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. The result is used an index of obesity.

body mechanics

The field of physiology that studies muscular actions and the function of muscles in maintaining posture.

body roll

A side-to-side rotation of the body along the midline performed as a part of the front and back crawl.

body substance isolation (BSI)

An infection control strategy that considers all body fluids as potentially infectious.

body system

A group of organs and other structures that work together to provide a particular function to the body. Common body systems include the nervous, respiratory, circulatory, integumentary, musculoskeletal, digestive, endocrine, and urinary systems.

bone

Dense, semi-rigid, porous, calcified connective tissue forming a part of the skeleton of the human body. The skeleton consists of 206 bones of various sizes and shapes held in place at joints by ligments and connected to skeletal muscles by tendons. Bones give the body structure and protect vital organs.

bone marrow

The soft, pulpy connective tissue filling the medullary cavities of bones. Red bone marrow is instrumental in the formation of new red bone cells.

bowel

Another name for intestine.

braces

A common name for orthodontic appliances designed to straighten teeth.

brachial artery

The major artery of either upper arm.

Braxton Hicks contractions

False labor consisting of irregular contractions of the uterus that do not intensify or become more frequent like genuine contractions do.

brain

The part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium, continuous with the spinal cord and composed of gray matter and white matter. The brain is the primary center for the regulation and control of bodily functions, receiving and interpreting sensory impulses and transmitting information to the muscles and organs. The brain is also the center for consciousness, thought, memory, and emotion.

brain aneurysm

A weakness a blood vessel of the brain that results in the bulging of the blood vessel wall. If the aneurysm ruptures, the result is a hemorrhagic stroke.

breakpoint

The location in a swimming pool where the depth changes from shallow to deep.

breakpoint chlorination

The process of adding free chlorine to a swimming pool to the point that all combined chlorine molecules are broken apart and all organic material has been oxidized. Free chlorine added after breakpoint is achieved will be available for disinfection.

breakwater

A strong wall or barrier built out from a beach to break the force of the waves.

breastbone

A common name for the sternum.

breaststroke

A swimming stroke performed in prone position by combining a backward sweeping action of the arms, a frog-like whipping kick, and a glide with arms and legs extended using the following timing: pull and breathe, kick and glide. The breaststroke is a competitive stroke, a lifeguarding approach stroke, and a resting/survival stroke.

breathing emergency

A life-threatening emergency in which breathing is impaired.

breathing rate

The number of breaths per minute.

Breech birth

The delivery of a baby's feet or buttocks first.

broadcast

A method for adding granular chemicals to a swimming pool that involves casting handfuls of the chemical directly into the water. Also called the "feeding chickens" method.

broken swims

A training technique in which the target distance is divided into intervals with a brief rest in between (e.g., 10 seconds). The goal is to perform each interval at a faster pace than could be maintained over the entire distance.

bromamine

A byproduct formed when bromine reacts with swimmer waste (e.g.,sweat, urine, etc.). Unlike chloramines, which are smelly combined chlorine byproducts with low sanitation properties, bromamines are effective disinfectant/sanitizing agents.

brominator

A device for dispensing bromine to a swimming pool at a controlled rate.

bromine

A halogen that can be used as a disinfectant/sanitizer for swimming pool water. Unlike chlorine, bromine is resistant to heat and pH fluctuations.

bronchus (plural: bronchi)

Either of the two main branches of the trachea, leading directly to the lungs. Also called the bronchial tubes.

bronchitis

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchi.

bronchoconstriction

The reduction in the caliber of the bronchi due to a dynamic process such asthma or emphysema. Also known as bronchospasm.

bronchospasm

Another name for bronchoconstriction.

bruise

An injury that ruptures blood vessels and causes blood loss into surrounding tissue without breaking the skin, characterized by discoloration of the skin. As the blood is broken down and reabsorbed by the body, the discoloration changes from dark red to black and blue and then to yellowish-green. Minor bleeding under the skin can be reduced by applying direct pressure followed by cold packs. Major internal bleeding or the presence of bruising around the head, neck, and/or back following a head injury or other trauma may be life threatening.

BSI

Body substance isolation.

BTU

British thermal unit. A measurement of the use of gas by a gas appliance. Pool heaters are rated by their consumption.

bubonic plague

A disease caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium, characterized by swollen lymph nodes, fever, chills, and weakness.

buddy board

A board with hooks and tags positioned at the entrance of the swimming area at a camp, used to keep track of campers entering and leaving the swimming area. Each camper is assigned a tag and a buddy. When buddies want to swim, they must move their tags to the swimming area side of the board. When they leave the swimming area, they must move their tags from the swimming area side of the board. An attendant at the board makes sure that everyone entering and leaving the swimming area has a buddy and that the buddies move their tags appropriately in and out of the swimming area side of the board.

buddy check

A periodic attendance check during a swimming activity where participants have been organized in pairs (buddy system). To participate in a buddy check, upon a prearranged signal, assigned buddies stand next to each other so they can be counted. If a buddy is missing, lifeguards and/or counselors can begin a search.

buddy system

A safety measure taken in and around the water where children of like ability are paired so they can watch out for each other.

buffer

A chemical that stabilizes the pH of swimming pool water.

A safety technique in which participants of similar swimming ability are paired together to look after each other.

bulkhead

A usually movable partition used to divide a swimming pool into sections.

bulla

A large, rounded or irregular blister. Also known as a bleb.

bulb syringe

Small syringe to remove secretions from a newborn's mouth and nose.

buoyancy

The upward force that water exerts on an immersed object.

burn

A soft-tissue injury caused by heat/fire, radiation (e.g., the ultraviolet radiation of the sun), chemicals, or electricity. The severity of a burn is determined by the strength of the burning agent, the length of exposure, the size and depth of exposure (i.e., burn classifications), the location on the body, and the age/health of the victim. Burns are classified as superficial (first degree), partial-thickness (second degree), and full-thickness (third degree), depending on tissue affected. Superficial burns affect the epidermis only and are red, swollen, and painful. Partial-thickness burns affect the epidermis and the dermis and feature blistering, reddened splotchy skin, intense pain, and swelling. Full-thickness burns affect all layers of the skin and even underlying muscle, fat, and bone. Full-thickness burns may appear charred, white, and dry, and be with or without pain.

burpee

An exercise performed from a standing position by squatting with hands flat on the floor, thrusting legs straight back and then pulling them back in, and standing up again.

burrow

A slightly raised, grayish, tortuous line in the skin caused by a burrowing organism.

butterfly

A competitive swimming stroke performed in prone position by combining a double-arm pull and out-of-water recovery, one or two dolphin kicks, and continuous wave-like action of the entire body.

butterfly-breaststroke

A swimming stroke similar to the butterfly but performed with a breaststroke kick.

butterstruggle

A term coined by Coach Emmett Hinds for the series of jerks and spasms that occur when fatigue sets in and robs a swimmer of his or her ability to do the butterfly correctly. A type of butterstruggle also occurs when new learners attempt the stroke without the wave-like motion of the body.

BVM

Bag-valve-mask resuscitator.